chum up
to become or try to become friendly with someone
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chummage
Money paid by the richer sort of prisoners in the Fleet and King's Bench, to the poorer, for their share of a room. When prisons are very full, which is too often the case, particularly on the eve of an insolvent act, two or three persons are obliged to sleep in a room. A prisoner who can pay for being alone, chuses two poor chums, who for a stipulated price, called chummage, give up their share of the room, and sleep on the stairs, or, as the term is, ruff it.
chumming-up
An old custom amongst prisoners before the present regulations were in vogue, and before imprisonment for debt was abolished; when a fresh man was admitted to their number, rough music was made with pokers, tongs, sticks, and saucepans. For this ovation the initiated prisoner had to pay, or "fork over," half-a-crown—or submit to a loss of coat and waistcoat.
chummy
A chimney-sweep—probably connected with chimney; also a low-crowned felt hat. Sometimes, but rarely, a sweep is called a clergyman—from his colour.
chump
The head or face. Also one end of a loin of mutton. A half-idiotic or daft person is said to be off his chump.
chump change
A small amount of money
chunder
Vomit.
chunk
To throw.
chunk
Among printers, a journeyman who refuses to work for legal wages; the same as the flint among taylors. See FLINT.
chunk
A thick or dumpy piece of any substance, as a CHUNK of bread or meat.—Kentish.
chunky
Large.
church a yack
(or watch), to take the works of a watch from its original case, and put them into another one, to avoid detection.—See CHRISTEN.
church and state
Separation of religious and governmental institutions
Church at Istanbul
It was built by Justinian (532-7), but since the capture of the city by the Turks (1453) has been used as a mosque. It was not dedicated to a saint named Sophia, but to the "Logos," or Second Person of the Trinity, called Hagia Sophia (Sacred Wisdom).
Church at Rome
They are (1) 1123; held under Calixtus II; it confirmed the Concordat of Worms; (2) 1139, when Innocent II condemned Anacletus II and Arnold of Brescia; (3) 1179, under Alexander III; it was concerned with the election of popes; (4) 1215, when Innocent III condemned the Albigenses; and (5) 1512-17, under Julius II and Leo X, when the Canons of the Council of Pisa were abrogated.
Church of Christ on earth
In the medieval hierarchy (see ANGEL) the Archangels comprise an order of the third division.
Church of Rome
Ultramontane opinions or tendencies are those which favour the high "Catholic" party. Ultramontane (beyond the mountains, i.e. the Alps) means Italy or the old Papal States. The term was first used by the French, to distinguish those who look upon the Pope as the fountain of all power in the Church, in contradistinction to the Gallican school, which maintained the right of self- government by national churches. Cp. TRAMONTANE.
Church of Scotland
See PRESBYTERIAN, which became the established religion of Scotland on the abolition of Episcopacy in 1638. The head of the Church is the Mod- erator, and it is regulated by four Courts: the General Assembly, Synod, Presbytery, and Kirk Sessions.
church officers
He ordained metropolitans, convened councils, received appeals, and was the chief bishop over several countries or provinces, as an archbishop is over several dioceses. It was also the title given by the popes to the archbishops of Lisbon and Venice, in order to make the patriarchal dignity appear distinct from and lower than the papal, and is that of the chief bishop of various Eastern rites, as the Jacobites, Armenians, and Maron- ites.
church scot
A tribute paid on St. Martin's pay (November llth) in support of the clergy in Anglo-Saxon times. It was originally paid in corn, but later other goods in kind, or money, were taken.
church warden
A Sussex name for a shag, or cormorant, probably from its voracity.
church work
Said of any work that advances slowly.
Churches dedicated to St
Giles were usually situated in the outskirts of a city, and originally without the walls, cripples and beggars not being permitted to pass the gates. See CRIPPLE- GATE.
churchwarden
A long pipe, "a yard of clay;" probably so called from the dignity which seems to hedge the smoker of a churchwarden, and the responsibility attached to its use. Sometimes called an Alderman.
churchyard cough
A cough that is likely to terminate in death.
churchyard cough
A deep, chesty cough which sounds like a presage of death. Churrigueresque (chu rig er esk'). Over- ornate, as applied to architecture. The word, frequently used by Richard Ford (1796-1858) in his writings on Spain, derives from Jose Churriguera (1650-1723) a Spanish architect of the baroque school.
churl
Originally, a labourer or husbandman: figuratively a rude, surly, boorish fellow. To put a churl upon a gentleman; to drink malt liquor immediately after having drunk wine.
chutty
chewing gum
Cid Hamet Benengeli
The supposititious author upon whom Cervantes fathered The Adventures of Don Quixote.
cigar
The penis.
Cigars and Cigarettes
The word cigar comes from cicada, the Spanish cigar-shaped beetle. The natives of Cuba were already smoking tobacco in this form when the white men first invaded their country. Cigars as we know them were introduced into U.S.A. by General Putnam, in 1762, on his return from the capture of Havana by the Earl of Albemarle, and this fashion of smoking soon spread to Europe.
Cimbrian Druids
This, in turn, was stolen from him while it was being taken to Massilia (Marseilles); and when he encountered the Cimbrians both he and Maximus, his brother- consul, were defeated, and 112,000 of their men were left upon the field (106 B.C.).
cinder
Any liquor used in connexion with soda-water, as to "take a soda with a CINDER in it." The cinder may be sherry, brandy, or any other liquor.
cinder garbler
A servant maid, from her business of sifting the ashes from the cinders. CUSTOM-HOUSE WIT.
cinnamon ring
The anus.
Circle of Ulloa
A white rainbow or luminous ring sometimes seen in Alpine regions opposite the sun in foggy weather. Named from Antonio de Ulloa (1716-95), a Spanish naval officer who founded the observa- tory at Cadiz and initiated many scientific enterprises.
circle the drain
to be in a downward spiral and nearing collapse
circuit slugger
A touring performer or athlete who travels to different locations
circular file
Recognized English idiom; full definition pending editorial review.
circular firing squad
A group that attacks its own members
circulating capital
Wages, or raw material. This sort of capital is not available a second tune for the same purpose.
circumbendibus
A roundabout way, or story. He took such a circumbendibus; he took such a circuit.
circumbendibus
A roundabout way, a long-winded story.
Circumlocution Office
A term applied in ridicule by Dickens in Little Dorrit to our public offices, because each person tries to shuffle off every act to someone else; and before anything is done it has to pass through so many departments and so much time elapses that it is hardly worth having bothered about it.
circumstances alter cases
Changing circumstances can alter the nature of a situation or decision
circumstantial evidence
That based on corrobor- ative incidents.
cit
A citizen of London.
citaye
A city.
city banker
A wanker.
city centre
The central area of a city
City of Refuge
Moses, at the command of God, set apart three cities on the east of Jordan, and Joshua added three others on the west,, whither any person might flee for refuge who had killed a human creature inadvertently. The three on the east of Jordan were Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan; the three on the west were Hebron, Shechem, and Kedesh (Deut. iv, 43;/<w/z. xx, 1-8).
civil liberty
The liberty of a subject to conduct his own arTairs as he thinks proper, provided he neither infringes on the equal liberty of others, nor offends against the good morals or laws under which he is living.
Civil List
The grant voted annually by Parliament to pay the personal expenses of the Sovereign, the household expenses, and the pensions awarded by Royal bounty; before the reign of William III it embraced all public expenditure, except that on the army and navy.
civil reception
A house of civil reception; a bawdy-house, or nanny-house. See NANNY-HOUSE.
Civil Service Estimates
The annual Parlia- mentary grant to cover the expenses of the diplomatic services, the post office and tele- graphs, education, the collection of the revenue, and other expenses neither pertaining to the Sovereign nor the armed services,
civil tongue
Polite and respectful language
civil war
Wai? between citizens (civiles)* In English history the term is applied to the war between Charles I and his Parliament; but the War of the Roses was a civil war also. In America, the War of Secession (1861-65).
Civility costs nothing and buys everything (Mary Wortley Montagu)
Politeness is inexpensive but can achieve great things
civility money
A reward claimed by bailiffs for executing their office with civility.
Ciwie Street
In the 1939-45 War this was the term by which men in the Services referred to civilian life.
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